But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents. In the Arabic alphabet, and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though Arabic calligraphy can add a great deal of complexity). Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a Persian mixture of the Naskh and Ta'liq scripts. Urdu is written in the Nastaliq style ( Persian: نستعلیق Nastaʿlīq). Nastaliq Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules. Other than the Indian subcontinent, the Urdu script is also used by Pakistan's large diaspora, including in the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia and other places. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the internet. The Pakistani national newspaper Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to use Nastaʿlīq computer-based composition. It is closely related to the development of the Nastaʻliq style of Perso-Arabic script.ĭespite the invention of the Urdu typewriter in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as katibs or khush-navees until the late 1980s. The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script and has its origins in 13th century Iran. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the Latin alphabet (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39 or 40 distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly written in the Naskh style. It also has status as one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic, used as a minority script in the country. It is the most widely used script in Pakistan being the official script for the national language, Urdu and several regional languages. It is a modification of the Persian script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script. The Urdu alphabet ( Urdu: اردو حروفِ تہجی, romanized: urdū harūf-e-tahajjī), is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language.
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